The Definition Of Globalization Education Essay

The Definition Of Globalization Education Essay Globalization has brought about many changes in human lives. Globalisation, which started off in the West, was brought about by many factors. Some of it is the the emergence of the information technology and also the economic competition between different countries (Jarvis, 2007, p. 44). Here, it is obvious that globalization was about the economic benefit at first and later had also impacted many others categories of human lives such as education and environment. The impacts and effects of globalization could be seen everywhere, from the food industry to the music that one listens. Some would argue that globalization benefitted the mass, and therefore it is something good. However, some would refute by saying that globalization has also had some negative impacts. Therefore, I would like to find out and discuss the effects of globalization specifically in education. This paper would examine closely the effects of globalization in education in terms of commodification, internationalis ation, citizenship and also accessibility of knowledge. This essay would argue that although globalization brings some positive effects, it also brings some negative effects that sometimes could be considered to outweigh the benefits of it. The arguments will be put forward by first defining globalization and then highlighting some of the different types of globalization. This will be followed by discussing the impact of globalization in education in terms of commodification, internationalisation, citizenship, and accessibility of knowledge. Last but not least, this essay will discuss the implications for teachers in a Malaysian secondary school classroom. Defination of Globalization There are tremendous amount of literature on the definition of globalization. Globalisation seemed to an easy word to define at first. However, there are many definitions of it where each and one of these definitions are looked from various different perspectives such as social, economy and political perspectives. From an political point of view, Beck (2000, p. 11) defines globalization as a process through which transnational actors undermine sovereign national states with varying prospect of power, direction, identities, and network. From a communication point of view, globalization as a concept refers to both to the compression of the world and the intensification of consciousness of the world as a whole (Robertson, 1992, p. 8). Similarly, Luke (2005), stated that globalization is how the world is shrinking in the sense that people can communicate to each other instantaneously through the use of technology especially the internet. On a different plane, Waters (1995, p. 3) looks at globalization as a social change where physical boundaries of place on the social and cultural aspects are diminishing and the public are aware that it is diminishing. Looking from a social perspectives or point of view, globalization is the escalation of global social relations which connect far localities in such a way that local events are influenced by events occurring in the far distance and vice versa. (Held, 1991 cited in Morrow Torres, 2000, p. 29). Therefore, it can said that globalisation is the weakening of the physical boundaries surrounding the nation or states, in which affects aspects of human life such as culture, social interaction, economy, politics and many other aspects. The less visible boundaries mean that people are more likely to interact with each other. If the interaction is between people or party of same position or status, the interaction could be in a neutral way. However, if the interaction is between people or party of unequal status or power, the m ore privileged will tend to influence the less privileged it can also happen that the less privileged might want to imitate the more privileged in order to live the same condition as the opposite party. When looking at the definitions of globalisation, it is important to also highlight the different types of globalisation. Here, cultural, economy and political globalisation will be discussed closely. Cultural globalisation is about the spread of one stronger element of culture, which in many cases, would be the American culture. This is done through the American media which penetrates most parts of world. Songs, films, and many more are easily available around the world (Jarvis, 2007). Besides, he also argues that many new cultural institutions have become industries where these institutions are trying to sell their culture. However, one would argue that cultural globalisation could also strengthen the culture in particular society if the member of the society choose to resist the wave of global influx of different foreign culture. According to Jones (1998, p. 146), cultural globalisation includes deteriorating religious mosaic, a deteriorating cosmopolitanism and diversity, widespread consumption of simulations and representations, global distribution of images and information and universal tourism. Therefore, it can be said that cultural globalization is the process where the l ocal cultural aspect of a community disappears in certain rate and substituted with a global culture. On the other hand, economy globalisation includes several aspects such as transnational companies. Transnational companies are companies that operate at a global level without needing to follow a certain nations law and regulation (Bottery, 2006). These companies bring profit to the nation through taxation. These companies possess a huge influence as they are not bound to a countrys law. Transnational companies have power beyond the nations or the states (Jarvis, 1998). Besides, economy globalisation also includes the bigger organisations such as International Monetary Fund (IMF) which provides loan and fund to developing countries. However, it is crucial to highlight here that this economy globalisaton is the setting of other types of globalization (Bottery, 2006). This is because economy is the source of income and the setting of work for people. According to Jones (1998, p. 145), economy globalisation includes freedom of exchange between localities with flows of services and symbo lic commodities, balance of production activity in a locality determined by its physical and geographical advantages, minimal direct foreign investment, flexible responsiveness of organisations to global markets, decentralised, instantaneous and stateless financial markets and free movement of labour. Political globalization looks at the diminishing power of the state where due to globalization, the power is local authority might be weakening. According to Jones (1998 p. 146), political globalisation is portrayed through an absence of state sovereignty and multiple centres of power at global, local and intermediate levels, local issues discussed and situated in relation to a global community, powerful international organisations predominant over national organisations, fluid and multi-centric international relations, a weakening of value attached to the nation-state and a strengthening of common and global political values. Thus, the meaning of being a certain country or nations citizen also gets blurred. The notion of citizen is not as a unified and unifying concept as before when there is certain loss of nation-state sovereignty, or the erosion of national autonomy (Burbules and Torres, 2000, p. 14). The Effect of Globalisation in Education Having looked at the brief categorization of globalization in general, this section will focus on the effect of globalization in education. This section will look at commodification, internationalisation, citizenship and accessibility of knowledge. Commodification is the term used to describe commodification can be seen in two ways, the displacement of use values by exchange values or in general to describe how consumer culture becomes embedded in daily lives through various ways (Ball, 2004, p.4). This consumer culture that is a global phenomenon today has also effected the education sector. Commodification of education is evident from the primary school to the higher education. Many are affected by, especially the parents and the students. Due to the competition for the entrance of an excellent school, parents and the learner will be under a lot of pressure to prepare themselves so they can qualify to this prestigious or high-league table-ranked schools. The society without noticing is drawn to this concept of education commodification due to the societal pressure. Similarly, the teachers and staff in this schools are forced to work hard to maintain the schools league table position so they can maintain the financial support from the government. The demands of competition, the information provided by League Tables, pressures from the state for performance improvement and target-achievement and per-capita funding, in a period of spending constraints, work together to create local economies of student worth where schools compete to recruit those students, most likely to contribute to improvements and performance (Ball, 2004, p. 10). Therefore, in this situation the commodification of education does not really seem to benefitting the learners, or the even parents. This cycle of incentives for performance is not something good as it contradicts with the value of education. .Another effect of globalization is the internationalization of education. Internationalisation is the process of intergrating an international or intercultural dimension into the teaching, research and exercise function of the institution (Knight, 1994, p. 16 cited in Knight, 1999) . Internationalisation is about globalization. Internationalisation happens usually at higher level education. There are many reasons for the internationalisation of the higher education. One of it is the internationalisation will help foreign policy of a country. Through internationalisation, a country will be perceived as welcoming and friendly to the different cultural aspects. In other words, internationalisation will indicate that the country appreciates the various cultures that exist are open to accepting them. On an economic point of view, internationalisation will help attract investment from foreign countries to a country. This will boost the countrys economy through the investments (Knight, 199 9). By internationalisation, the quality of teaching and learning process could be improved. This is because internationalisation encourages acceptance of various culture and integrates this in the teaching and learning process. The students will be exposed to various source of knowledge about the world. This knowledge of the world will help the learners to understand and make sense the difference and similarities people around the world have from one culture to another. Besides, internationalisation will also en courage partnership between various universities around the world. This is because through internationalization, one common medium of interaction will be chosen between the cooperating universities, which will likely to be English. Having a common language and some similarities will further encourage cooperation work between universities from different countries. Citizenship Another effect of globalization in education is that the accessibility of knowledge. Through the internet, many different kind of knowledge are readily accessible on the internet (Robertson, 1992). This means the acquisition of knowledge by students are much faster since there they have wide range of knowledge available for them. This would help students and teachers in their learning process. This rapidly growing information on the net could facilitate learning process by providing references and validating certain concepts that the learners are confused or unable to comprehend. Besides, the teachers and learners can build a network system through the net where they can talk and communicate with teachers and students from any part of the world through the internet. This would help teachers and learners to create a global view of education n based on their communication with people from around the world. However, this might also be a problem for the students since with the huge amoun t of information available on the net, the reliability of some of the information is sometimes questionable. Therefore, it is important for the learners to be able to distinguish between reliable and unreliabale information. Besides, it is also important for them to be able to choose and pick which information that is suitable for them. The downside of this body of knowledge available on the internet is that it cannot be accessed by people in certain parts of the world where the communication technology is not at par with the latest communication technology (Burbules, 2000). This in a way widens the gap between the education progress in a developed country with a well-equipped information technology facilities and the education progress in a developing country with poor information technology facilities. In a less progressed country where it is already a struggle to maintain teaching and learning process, the people will not know what they have missed by the lack of facilities. Another aspect of the manifestation of the accessibility information is the distance learning (Foley, 2003). Distance learning is the teaching and learning process which does not happen in a physical classroom, but instead happens in a virtual classroom. This distance learning was already available before the existence of the internet through the use of post. However, the invention of the internet has taken distance learning into a whole new level. Distance education has enabled more people to gain access to education through the many different types of online courses offered by universities and other online course providers. One of the benefits of this distance learning is that the learning process can be done in learners own time, without any peer pressure form classmates. However, the drawback of distance learning is that the reduced or loss of the human touch in the learning and teaching process. Human touch in the form of communication with one another is important in learning. Implications to Teaching and Learning Process in a Malaysian Secondary Classroom. Having discussed the impact of globalization in education on a global level, tis section will try to relate back the impact of globalization in education in a Malaysian context, specifically in a Malaysian secondary classroom. Malaysian secondary classroom consist of students for the age of thirteen to seventeen. These students come from various backgrounds. First and foremost, one of the main implications the effect of globalization in a Malaysian context is the teachers and students should be aware of the effect of globalization in education to the Malaysian education system and also to the global education policy and reforms. Here, the teacher training college plays a crucial part in incorporating the effect of globalization in education to the teacher trainees. This is so that future teachers will be aware of the effects of globalization and then try to inform the students and then create awareness in the students. Besides, it also a teachers responsibility to make the learners aware of the multi dimension of globalization that exist beyond Malaysia. This will help the learners to be able develop critical thinking based on their awareness of the world around them. Futhermore, the appreciation of unique multicultural society that exists around the world, not only in Malaysia should be made known to the learners. On a similar note, as an future educator, it is important to realise that a teaching method or education policy that is a sucess not necessarily u can take everything and put it into another context. Think about the context in which a teacher is teaching so that it is relevant to the students and context. Another implication that can be drawn from the discussion above is that it is important to realize that the abundance of information and knowledge available on the internet comes with a price as well. The implication of these to the Malaysian education especially in a secondary classroom is that the learners should be equipped with the necessary skill to filter the knowledge and than distinguish between facts and non-facts. In order to do this, the teachers should give some exposure of this kind of activity in the classroom. This will help learners, the secondary school students to be able to pick and choose the fact from the rest. Besides, it is also important to be able to pick the information which is useful for the individual rather than using all the information available. Distance learning CONCLUSION 100

H&R Sewing Machine Company Essay

1. What elements of â€Å"Kotter (2000)† can be applied to the case study? The following elements of Kotter (2000) can be applied to the case study: Establish a sense of urgency Traditionally manufacturers of sewing machines were located in Germany, Japan and United States; now they have expanded to low cost region of the world which includes China, Korea and Taiwan. The main competitors in Canada were two Japanese manufacturers; Brother International Corporation and Juki Sewing Machine Company, Juki was the market leader but appreciating yen and technological advancements gave an edge to other foreign competitors. Creating the Vision Strategies must be developed to lead the organization throughout the change as whenever a change takes place individuals in the organization goes through emotional rollercoaster and the organization has to bear growing pains which includes drop in productivity levels, absences, lack of morale and motivation and resignations. A clear cut vision must guide the managers how to lead organization and its employees through the time of pain and emotional rollercoaster. Communicating the Vision Once vision is created, managers must make sure that the vision is properly communicated to all employees; it must be ensured that all employees understand the vision clearly; there is no chaos, no confusion, and no need of further explanations. In this particular case it should be ensured that the vision is communicated to all markets and distributors (stakeholders) throughout the globe. Empowerment of others to act on the vision Changing systems and structures that seriously undermine the vision. Recognizing and rewarding the employees that are involved in the improvements. Encourage risk taking and nontraditional ideas, activities and actions. Knock down the barriers resisting transformation. Whenever change takes place in an organization the greatest problem is of â€Å"ME Issues† it makes employees become self-centered and there is minimal team work, Me Issues must be resolved for a focused team effort. Managers must identify where they themselves are, their organization is and their employees are on the emotional roller coaster in order to empower others to act on the vision. Planning and creating for short-term wins Planning should be done for visible performances of employees even if they achieve some targets their efforts must be recognized on organizational level for example they are awarded with employee of the month award and so on or their efforts are recognized in the organizational pamphlets. Consolidating improvements and producing still more change Small improvements must be consolidated together and change whenever brought about must be brought slowly and gradually in the organization so that all employees are used to the change and do not panic if change comes too soon in front of them. They should be communicated properly about the change and must be guided throughout the change process. Institutionalizing new approaches Changes brought about in the organization and the benefits reaped from those changes must be communicated to employees to build their confidence that the change was for the success of the organization. 1. What issues are important for me if I was the change agent of the company regarding the â€Å"kaleidoscope model†? Design Choices: Andrew had laid 3 design choices for the company which is: Consolidate the business Sell or eliminate all marginal business so emphasis can be paid on core business which is selling and servicing new and used Juki sewing machines and their parts. Focused will be paid on 100 most profitable customers, rest will be handled by dealers. Low cost and high service parts programs will be implemented. Practices will be adopted which improves efficiency of operations. Furthermore, costs of goods sold will be lowered. Direct accountability of customers will be made by assigning H&R sales representative to a customer. Sell consumables rather than machines Maintenance, Repair and Operations (MRO) involves supplying the products needed to keep manufacturing facilities up and running; the items which are bought infrequently raise the cost of doing business. Thus, H&R will offer MRO products to manufacturers that want to lower these costs. Niche market will be targeted in either garment or non-garment that has a sustainable market, good management, requires continued cost reduction and requires high quality service for parts and supplies. Profitability of operations will be derived from negotiations on discounts, sourcing less expensive parts to OEM facilities at the same time not compromising on quality. Ensuring margin between revenue and cost is not consumed by cost of operations. H&R will copy practices of companies that provide MRO products to customers in the other industries. Move H&R from sewing machines to other related industries H&R can become a leasing company. There are many customers including the company that wants to lease the equipment, the manufacturer/distributor that wants to sell the equipment, leasing brokers, and the lenders that provide H&R’s financing. In order to go into this leasing business H&R needs to attracts brokers which act as an agent for a leasing company. Leasing companies can buy cheap equipments, can sell returned equipment in auctions, can charge lessees for the terms of contract, additional costs or revenue and so on. H&R needs to find lenders willing to participate so that they have the money needed to finance an inventory of equipment. Build a broad portfolio of leases secured by the assets of lessees so that risk is reduced. Have the technical knowledge needed to audit returned equipment and to then restore or sell it. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   How can I apply the â€Å"kaleidoscope model† in relation to the three different options of change in the case study? Explain in detail each one of the contextual features of the â€Å"kaleidoscope model†. Time Model 1: Can be done in a short time span as no expansions need to done or no new line of business needs to opened up. Model 2: It requires time more than the first option as analysis of MRO in other industries needs to need and furthermore, indirectly the target market is being redefined in this scenario. Model 3: It requires time to set up the business, to gather all equipments which are eligible for sales, finding trustworthy brokers, organizing auctions and attracting public. Scope Model 1: Low degree of change is required as core business activity will remain the same. Model 2: High degree of change is required as the core function is being changed from selling sewing machines to consumables. Model 3: High degree of change is required as the industry is being changed. Preservation Model 1: Most of the organization’s characteristics and resources needs to be maintained including inventories as core business will remain the same. Competition with dealers will continue on large retail sales. Model 2: Manufacturing facilities needs to be kept up and in running condition. No compromise on quality will be made and margins will be kept up between revenue and the costs. Model 3: Equipments to be maintained properly over the leasing period so they could be auctioned. Repairs, maintenance and insurance can be provided along with leasing services. Diversity Model 1: High diversity as the business is wide spread throughout the globe. Model 2: Low diversity as supply will be handled by MRO independently. Model 3: Medium as customers are mixed including customers, manufacturers, distributors, brokers and so on. Capability Model 1: High capability as each customer will be assigned to an individual H&R sales representative. Model 2: Low capability as operating practices of MRO will be copied. Model 3: They have technical knowledge but require finance. Capacity Model 1: No or minimal change in resources are required. Model 2: Resources require change from sewing machine to consumable products. Model 3: Equipments can be leased rest all resources needs to changed. Readiness Model 1: They are ready. Model 2: Training and a lot of learning is required. Model 3: Needs to protect its work force. Power Model 1: Direct accountability will be created. Model 2: Tough management and execution phases. Model 3: Impose rigorous control systems and processes. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   What is the most appropriate type of change for Andrew Rosenfeldt to use regarding the case study? Adaptation Model 1: Since core business activity in this scenario will remain same thus no big changes are required and there is no need of adaptation. Model 2: Employees need to be trained properly so they can adapt to new processes. They need to identify suppliers of MRO, evaluate them, negotiate prices, produce price and avail files, order products, maintain inventories, bill customers, and pay suppliers. Model 3: Scope of business will be changed from selling sewing machines and its parts to leasing business. Employees need to be adapted to the new business format soon. Re-Construction Model 1: No specify re-construction is required just some change in activities at small scale will take place like every customer will be assigned to H&R sales representatives and will be held accountable separately. Model 2: Employees have to adapt to new ways of working by copying the MRO practices; there is no particular choice left. Model 3: Employees have to adopt the practices of a leasing firm and not merely a selling firm. Evolution Model 1: The change is properly planned as they have already decided that each customer will be assigned to separate sales representatives in order to entertain direct accountability. Model 2: Here the change is somewhat planned as they know they will copy the practices of MRO products to customers in different industries but they haven’t identified exactly what products, which industries and to what extent will the MRO products be copied. Model 3: The change is not well planned, they just know what they have to do like open a leasing company and those they require brokers but the objectives are not properly identified like where the leasing business will be carried on, who will be the brokers and so on. Revolution: Model 1: Direct accountability will be introduced Model 2: Scope of business will change from selling sewing machines to some consumable business. Model 3: Industry will change to a leasing company.

Trumans Utter Destruction with the Atomic Bomb - 1079 Words

Truman had several options presented from his Joint Chiefs of Staff. First option was the invasion of the Mainland of Japan, specifically Kyushu. (36) Second option was to continue bombing Japan’s infrastructure and food supply. (39) Third option was to wait on the till the Soviets acted upon their agreement and join the war against Japan. (41) Fourth option was to change the policy of unconditional surrender to allow Japan to keep Emperor Hirohito on his throne. (42) The final option Truman received the most attention after successful testing was to use the atomic bombs. (50) The first option of an invasion I believe would have been at an extreme cost of human life. â€Å"180,000 Marine and Army soldiers launched an assault on the island†¦show more content†¦(43) Leading to the fourth option Truman received, the possibility to change the terms of what an unconditional surrender would entail. The problem Truman ran into was that if he tried to change the terms of unconditional surrender is that unconditional surrender was extremely popular within the populace of the United States. (46) Truman was afraid if he changed the policy they would see him as weak and lose faith in him being a powerful leader and wouldn’t vote for him in the next elections. Also another major downfall in this policy change is this could do the opposite effect of what it was meant to do and â€Å"it would strengthen the position of the Japanese militarists, undermine morale at home, and creating significant political hazards for the president†¦. Changing a pop ular policy and potentially prolonging the war was a chancy and potentially disastrous venture.† (47) I don’t believe this option by itself would be the best one, due to the uncertainty of what the policy change would’ve triggered and possibly prolonging the war and there was just no way to know for certain if Japan would accept the new terms and end the war. The final option, the use of both atomic bombs, although not a necessity to bring the war to and end I believe it was the best available option to bring the war to a close as quickly as possible. The Supreme Council for the Direction of the War â€Å"received shocking news that Nagasaki had been hit with an atomicShow MoreRelatedHarry Trumans Decision to Drop the Atomic Bomb1314 Words   |  6 PagesTo what extent was Harry Truman’s decision to drop atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki justified? A. 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Mass Incarceration And Its Effects On The United States

Mass incarceration alludes to the investigation which ought to be clarified as exceedingly elevated pace of imprisonment among African Americans men and Latino males from troubling neighborhoods. Many will say it’s from poor families and when they take the males, it weakens the family even more. One of the main reasons for mass incarceration is to have control of the system and African American’s after slavery was annihilated. One main issue about mass incarceration would be that if an African American student drops out of high school they are more likely to end up in prison rather than a white individual. On the other hand, Corrections refers to someone who has to be overseen based on the criminal offense that they have committed. Drug treatment is used to underscore correctional treatment because treatment for offenders through rehabilitation is used as an effort to improve the mistake that the convict has achieved. However, the state spending on corrections has drama tically grown faster in the past twenty years than the spending on nearly any other budget items across America. The reason for this is because states are taking an expensive approach rather than take a smart one. The real efforts are to contain the amount of money that they spend so they can limit the growth and reduce the population. In the article â€Å"Incarceration social inequality† Bruce Western and Becky Pettit wrote â€Å"By 2008, the incarceration rate had climbed to thirty seven percent, an astonishingShow MoreRelatedMass Incarceration And Its Effects On The United States Essay1264 Words   |  6 PagesMass incarceration is a major problem in the United States. Since the tough on crime movement that began to emphasize more punishment and creating new policies such as; three strikes law, truth-in sentencing laws, mandatory sentencing, and determinate sentencing, our prisons and jails have become overcrowded. 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The Star Spangled Banner can be heard at a variety gatherings such as official military functions and sporting events where celebrity singers oftenRead MoreMass Incar ceration Is Defined As The Imprisonment Of A Large Amount Of People1439 Words   |  6 PagesAt the simplest level, mass incarceration is defined as the imprisonment of a large amount of people. However, that does not tell the whole story. The majority of people incarcerated are minorities, and although mass incarceration began as a system of unjust racial and social control, today it continues for many political reasons including government grants, swaying voter opinion, and for-profit prison revenue. The United States incarcerates more people, per capita, than any other nation in theRead MoreThe Basis for Cridme Deterren ce in the United States964 Words   |  4 Pagesdeterrence in the United States is based on the exacting words of Beccaria, â€Å"†¦ a punishment†¦ should be public, immediate, and necessary, the least possible in the case given, proportioned to the crime, and determined by the laws. While this philosophy fulfills its intended goals, it also comes with far reaching consequences for criminal offenders and completely ignores the true goal of incarceration, to rehabilitate the offender for reintroduction into society. Mass incarceration as a means of criminalRead MoreThe Problem With Mass Incarceration1445 Words   |  6 Pages The Problem with Mass Incarceration Over the past few decades, the United States has witnessed a huge surge in the number of individuals in jail and in prison. Evidence suggests the mass imprisonment policy from the last 40 years was a horrible catastrophe. Putting more people in prison not only ruined lives, it disrupted families, prevented ex-prisoners to find housing, to get an education, or even a good job. Regrettably, the United States has a higher percent of its population incarceratedRead MoreThe New Jim Crow : Mass Incarceration1370 Words   |  6 Pagesthe United States has not remained the same over time since its creation. Racism has shifted, changed, and shaped into unrecognizable ways that fit into the fabric of the American society to render it nearly invisible to the majority of Americans. Michelle Alexander, in her book, The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness shatters this dominantly held belief. The New Jim Crow makes a reader profoundly question whether the h igh rates of incarceration in the United States is anRead MorePrison Overcrowding And The United States1555 Words   |  7 Pagesshould not be judged by how it treats its highest citizens, but its lowest ones.† The prisons in the United States have been overcrowded for many years and require a change in order to fix this. Some of the main causes for prison overcrowding that will be covered in this paper are mass incarceration, long sentencing, recidivism, and prisoners of drug crimes. Overcrowding of prisons in the United States is a major issue that affects not only the prisoners themselves, but taxpayers and politicians. AlthoughRead MoreAmerican Incarceration : Where We Are, And What Can Be Done?1518 Words   |  7 PagesYasir Choudhury Dr. Joà £o Vargas UGS 303 Mass Incarceration 5 October 2015 American Incarceration: Where We Are, and What Can be Done From its early inception as a necessary aspect of modern society to its broken state that can be seen today, the American penal system has changed radically in recent history from an institution that performed the duty of safeguarding the public from those too dangerous to be left unsupervised to a business model concerned more with generating a profit for shareholders