The 4 Graph Quadrants Definition and Examples

The 4 Graph Quadrants Definition and Examples SAT/ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips The Cartesian plane (or the x-y plane) is a two-line diagram on which you plot requested sets. The two crossing lines of the Cartesian plane make four unmistakable diagram quadrants. In this article, we’ll examine what diagram quadrants are, the manner by which to control information focuses on chart quadrants, and stroll through some example chart quadrant issues. What Are the4 Graph Quadrants? The two lines on the Cartesian plane structure four diagram quadrants. In this area, we’ll talk about the diagram quadrant definition and characterize each piece of the plane. Quadrant Definition A quadrant is one of the four segments on a Cartesian plane. Every quadrant incorporates a mix of positive and negative qualities for x and y. The4 Graph Quadrants There are four chart quadrants that make up the Cartesian plane. Each chart quadrant has an unmistakable mix of positive and negative qualities. Here are the chart quadrants and their qualities: Quadrant I: The main quadrant is in the upper right-hand corner of the plane. Both x and y have positive qualities in this quadrant. Quadrant II: The subsequent quadrant is in the upper left-hand corner of the plane. X has negative qualities in this quadrant and y has positive qualities. Quadrant III: The third quadrant is in the base left corner. Both x and y have negative qualities in this quadrant. Quadrant IV: The fourth quadrant is in the base right corner. X has positive qualities in this quadrant and y has negative qualities. Chart Quadrants Diagram In this chart, you can see the four diagram quadrants, alongside whether x and y are sure and negative. Chart Quadrant Numbers, Explained Numbers are plotted on chart quadrants in what are known as requested sets. An arranged pair comprises of two qualities, x and y. In an arranged pair, x is consistently the primary worth and y is consistently the subsequent worth. In the arranged pair (5, - 2) for example, 5 is the x esteem and - 2 is the y esteem. While plotting an arranged pair, the x esteem alludes to the pair’s level situation on the diagram. The y esteem alludes to the vertical position. Perceive how the pair (5, - 2) looks when plotted. Diagram Quadrants Example Problems Utilizing the accompanying chart quadrant graph, distinguish the quadrants for the accompanying arranged sets. Requested Pair Quadrant (- 9, 11) (4, 8) (- 3, - 4) Diagram Quadrants Example Problems: Answers Discover the responses for the above diagram quadrants model issues beneath. Requested Pair Quadrant (- 9, 11) II (4, 8) I (- 3, - 4) III Math Quadrants: Key Takeaways A math quadrant is another expression for a diagram quadrant. A diagram quadrant is one of four areas on a Cartesian plane. Every one of the four areas has a particular blend of negative and positive qualities for x and y. You plot an arranged pair on diagram quadrants. Requested sets have x and y esteems. X is the principal esteem in an arranged pair; y is the second. What's Next? Need to look over other fundamental math skills?Then look at our master controls on how toadd and take away fractionsand how to utilize the speeding up equation. Need assistance planning for the SAT/ACT Math section?Learn all that you have to know aboutwhat sorts of points are tried on SAT MathandACT Math.

William Bratton and the Compstat Idea essays

William Bratton and the Compstat Idea articles William Bratton isn't apprehensive about difficult work. He doesn't step back from a test; rather, he grasps it. Maybe this is the reason he turned out to be so effective in the field of law authorization. Bratton, who holds a four year college education from Boston State College and is an alum of the FBI National Executive Institute, first turned into a cop in Boston in 1970. Only ten years after the fact he was the administrator of police, which is the most noteworthy sworn position in the Boston Police Department (Dussault 1, 2). From that point he proceeded to oversee police offices, transportation specialists, and the New York City Transit Police (where he cut tram wrongdoing by about half) (Dussault 1). In 1993 he was named police While Bratton was making the most of his much-merited achievement in Boston, the New York City crime percentage was experiencing the naysayer demeanor that won among cops all over the place. Police officers accepted they could sit idle about wrongdoing; in their brains, wrongdoing was brought about by cultural factors, for example, joblessness, broken families, and awful instruction, and how would they be able to potentially fix those issues' Police leaders acknowledged their cops' reasons that they didn't have the best possible assets to battle wrongdoing, and as a result, crime percentages rose (PoliceTalk.com 1). In any case, when Rudolph Giuliani became chairman of New York City, he would not like to hear any reasons, and he needed to follow through on his guarantee to bring down the crime percentage. Giuliani knew how effective Bratton had been as leader of the New York City Travel Police just as in different zones, so he delegated Bratton as police When Bratton was confirmed, he made New York City a guarantee: The NYPD would battle wrongdoing in each boroughand win. Wrongdoing would go somewhere around 10 percent the primary year and by another 15 percent the following (Tapellini 1). Numerous individuals thought Bratton was a dolt to make such an intense guarantee; they weren't right. From 1994 t... <!

Meryl Streep was on campus last week and I totally missed it COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Meryl Streep was on campus last week and I totally missed it COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog Last week I was walking like a lighting bug across campus in between meetings. I silently cursed my luck as a traffic jam of pedestrians appeared up ahead along College Walk (the main drag off 116th Street). But the really the large group of students stopping to take selfies and apply Snapchat filters werent the normal parade of sight seekers. In fact, there was a special event  on campus  that day. Filming in Progress signs were posted at each entry point and large sections of walkways were chained off. In the far distance at the top of Low Library steps I  squinted and saw a film crew doing something flim-y. I nodded, felt slightly interested but not enough to stick around, and went on my way. It wasnt until I got home that night I decided to use my detective skills to figure out what project was being shot. It turns out  The Papers, a film directed by Steven Spielberg and staring Tom Hanks and Meryl Streep was on the docket. Its a retelling of the real-life drama faced by The Washington Post when it was challenging the federal government for the right to publish classified information from 1971. You and I know this as the Pentagon Papers. Dont believe me at least one of Americas biggest stars was on campus? Our sister school Teachers College tweeted out the evidence: https://twitter.com/TeachersCollege/status/890999580434870272 Forget about New York City   Columbia University is the place to be for some real star sightings. Throughout the summer the  block bordering the Admissions Office is always filming scenes for  locally-based television series and major-motion pictures featuring faux faculty they like to use our classrooms and campus grounds as backdrops for their characters lesson plans. For an exhaustive list, heres a Wikipedia page on CU in popular culture.  Outside of television and film, President Barack Obama gave the commencement address at Barnard College in 2012, former first lady Michelle and daughter Malia were spotted visiting the campus back in 2015, and former Secretary of State Hillary Clinton gave the keynote address at SIPAs annual  David N. Dinkins Leadership and Public Policy Forum. And lets not forget Affan Javeds, MPA 16, groupie moment when he met various policy superstars while studying at SIPA. If I were you, the next time youre in town make sure you pack an extra celebrity sighting signature booklet just for your visits to Columbias campus. ??

Blooms Taxonomy - Evaluation Category

Evaluation Category Description: In Bloom’s Taxonomy, the evaluation level is where students make judgments about the value of ideas, items, materials, and more. Evaluation is the final level of the Bloom’s taxonomy pyramid. It is at this level, where students are expected bring in all they have learned to make informed and sound evaluations of material. Key Words for the Evaluation Category: evaluate, appraise, conclude, criticize, critique Examples of Questions for the Comprehension Category: Evaluate the Bill of Rights and determine which is the least necessary for a free society. Attend a local play and write a critique of the actor’s performance. Visit an art museum and offer suggestions on ways to improve a specific exhibit.

Understanding Of Language And Consciousness - 1287 Words

1.3 Connectionist understanding of language and consciousness One cognitive attempt to solve the question is, perhaps, connectionism (e.g., Rumelhart McClelland, 1986) on the basis of â€Å"pan-psychism view of consciousness† (Chalmers). The Connectionist model is the idea that humans learn language via gradual inter-networked association of neural units to â€Å"understand† and produce language. That is, human linguistic expression is possible because of the presence of various networks of neural associations. In this framework, the meanings and knowledge in the linguistic input are distributed across various neurons and the joint connection of each unit of neurons thus yields into linguistic output. For example, a sentence such as â€Å"Alex is a dog† is stored as a set of weights across many units, and these are sensitive to semantic content rather than the physical symbols. ‘Dog’ might be a pattern across networks of units which represent color, size, sound and eating habits and so on. Then, a network which stores ‘dog’ as a distributed pattern of color and size features could find one set of weights which can represent other animals as well (McClelland, Rumelhart, 1986). If this model is plausible, we could ascribe meaning and knowledge in the linguistic input for artificial intelligence the same way that humans learn language. In order to attribute â€Å"intentionality† to artificial intelligence, one must determine whether such intentionality can be phenomenally conscious, insofarShow MoreRelatedConscious Processes And Learning A Second Language Essay1452 Words   |  6 Pagesand Learning a Second Language: Attention, Awareness and Noticing The role of consciousness in learning has been a heavily debated topic. Many researchers have been hesitant to even use the term â€Å"consciousness† when discussing the topic due to its vague nature and its difficulty to operationalize. Schmidt (1992) was one of the first researchers to explore in depth the true relationship of consciousness to second language learning. He operationalized the construct of consciousness learning under theRead MoreTheory of Consciousness691 Words   |  3 PagesMy own theory of consciousness is a state of awareness of self. It has been said that this awareness stems from arousal. Consciousness, to me, is entirely internal. We experience the external world, but only through our senses. Dehaene and Naccache (2001) explain that neuroscience is beginning to investigate and understand the neural underpinnings of consciousness. Thus, consciousness is something that we experience via our own bodies. However, there is an implied separation between exp erienceRead MoreThe Idea Of Scientific Objectivity1650 Words   |  7 Pages and as this distance grows, consciousness becomes more alienated. Not only does consciousness begin to lose clarity of its object, it also becomes displaced from it and, furthermore, from itself. It becomes, in a word, inauthentic. Consciousness is largely determined by factors outside of its control – social, historical and economic factors all contribute to an ideology which is beyond the grasp of the person who thinks ideologically. The problem for consciousness is not only its displaced relationshipRead MoreThirteen Ways of Self-Questioning1358 Words   |  6 Pagesthirteen sections; each section provides us a picture that is centered by the element of blackbird. Blackbird in the poem signifies people’s consciousness. So this poem wants to tell us that every person has a perspective to look at the world. It questions our process of thought to understand the world, and reminds us realize the problem of it. In â€Å"The Language of Paradox† by Cleanth Brooks, he introduces the notion of paradox and its application in poetry. In Stevens’ poem we can also find how heRead MoreThe Role Of Consciousness And Second Language Learning Essay1624 Words   |  7 PagesNoticing The role of consciousness in learning has been a heavily debated topic. Many researchers have been hesitant to even use the term â€Å"consciousness† when discussing the topic due to its vague nature and its difficulty to operationalize. Schmidt (1992) was one of the first researchers to explore in depth the true relationship of consciousness to second language learning. He operationalized the construct of consciousness under the umbrella term awareness. Awareness encapsulated attention and noticingRead MoreReflective Essay On Dyslexia1065 Words   |  5 Pagesdyslexia faces daily , I decided to write a stream of consciousness to allow readers to understand how debilitating and distressing the condition can be. KU3 Knowledge and understanding of ways in which texts are created for different purposes, audiences, and contexts. An1 Analysis of ideas, perspectives, and/or aspects of culture represented in texts. Ap2 Use of evidence from texts to develop and support a response. My stream of consciousness was created to inform and give an insight into myRead MoreAnalysis Of Searle s The Chinese Room Argument Essay1597 Words   |  7 Pagesand output answers he still does not understand Chinese. Prior to my previous argument, I look to investigate in what instance can the computer be thought of as an understanding machine. In order to do this, I must investigate the following: what are the components necessary for understanding, why humans are thought of as understanding beings, and can we duplicate such things in a machine. The Chinese Room experiment is extremely basic, but given more inputs, can the computer think beyond its codedRead MoreRichard Wright and William Faulkner both examine the psychologies of excluded members of society.1500 Words   |  6 Pagestraverses the gradient from realism to experimental fragmentation, Wright constructing a vertical consciousness, articulate and omniscient regarding Bigger’s psychological world, and Faulkn er accessing a horizontal one, mostly illustrating the Bundren’s surface thoughts and emotions. In Native Son, Wright’s principally naturalistic style, momentarily interrupted by rebellious points of fragmented, modernist language, reflects in form Bigger’s overwhelming repression throughout the novel and his liberatingRead More Orwells Perception of the Political Power of Language Essay722 Words   |  3 PagesOrwells Perception of the Political Power of Language As an author, George Orwell is concerned with the modern use and misuse of the English language. He notes the recognized ability of language to distort truth and deceive masses in his essay Politics and the English Language, and attempts to alert the public of this power in his novel Nineteen-Eighty-Four . Depicting dystopia of a totalitarian system at a complete extreme, Orwellls novel is essentially about psychological control of theRead MoreComparing the Unconscious and Consciousness Essay1689 Words   |  7 PagesComparing the Unconscious and Consciousness Consciousness and unconscious are two psychological terms that are commonly used in this field of study. Their importances mainly appear when psychologists deal with their patients because they will surely think about these two terms. To understand these two terms we must know their definitions. This step can enable us to recognize the difference between them. Consciousness is a psychological condition defined by the English philosopher

Mud crab Free Essays

I. Problem/Question There is currently an increasing commercial viability of mud crabs especially in subtropical countries. However, due to seasonal factors affecting the spawning of these species, there a need to develop methods for â€Å"year-around larval production† (Zeng, 2007, p. We will write a custom essay sample on Mud crab or any similar topic only for you Order Now 1478-1479) arises. There are no current techniques that would enable this process. Therefore, this study investigated on the feasibility of out-of-season mud crab spawning induction. It also determined whether in vitro incubation of eggs is possible.   An evaluation of the temperature effects on the rates of embryonic development of mud crabs was also conducted. This is in order to provide predicted dates of hatching for berried mud crab females (Zeng, 2007, p. 1478-1479). II. Experimental procedures/Method The researchers kept female individuals of S. paramamosain in 1000L tanks. These holding tanks contained seawater, filtered with sand, with constant salinity of 29-32 g/L but with uncontrolled temperature between 10-30  °C.   In order to determine the â€Å"proximate maturation index (PMI)† (Zeng, 2007, p. 1479), crab ovarian development was regularly checked every fortnight using a calliper to measure the width of the strip of light in the carapace when shone with bright light from underneath (Zeng, 2007, p. 1479). The induction experiment was started with the random selection of mature subjects with 2mm PMI. The researchers removed their eyestalks and were moved to indoor aquaria, each provided with sand trays as egg attachment substrate, with controlled environmental temperature and photoperiod. The aquaria were regularly siphoned for sanitary maintenance. The researchers proceeded with testing their first objective, â€Å"in vitro egg incubation and effects of temperature on egg development† (Zeng, 2007, p. 1480). Setups with 200 eggs were used for the evaluation of temperature effects on development of the embryo. These were incubated respectively at 10, 15, 25, 27, 30, and 35  °C  ± 0.5 °C, with each treatment having triplicates. After acclimatization, embryonic development of the eggs in each treatment was monitored. The eggs were examined under the microscope in a regular time interval during the first 36 hours of the incubation. Then the larvae were attempted to be cultured in vitro, testing whether they are able to â€Å"reach the first juvenile crab stage† (Zeng, 2007, p. 1480). III. Experimental Results Between the months of November and April, 90% of female mature crabs with ablated eyestalks successfully spawned. The remaining 10% was due to the mortality of the individual. Newly extruded crab eggs were observed to â€Å"assume an oval shape† while some others were dented on a side, with undistinguishable outer and inner membranes. But eggs later transform into a spherical shape with distinct membranes (Zeng, 2007, p. 1481). Eggs at 35  °C resulted were characteristically asymmetric and unsynchronized, relative to the ones in 25-35 °C treatments. Such abnormal cellular division were also manifested by eggs in temperature treatments between 10 and 35  °C. The embryonic development of eggs incubated at 15  °C was observed to have arrested at the gastrula stage on the 32nd day, followed by the termination of the experiment. Eggs incubated in vitro successfully hatched in temperatures between 20 and 30  °C. The incubation period was reduced by 14 days with incubation temperature increase from 20 to 25  °C. The researchers divided the embryonic development of the mud crab into 10 stages. They characterized the different morphological attributes of the various stages, revealing different temperature effects on embryonic developmental rates of each stage (Zeng, 2007, p. 1481). IV. Conclusions/Summary The researchers were able to spawn the female mud crabs during the non-season period. They were successful in rearing crabs to their juvenile stage with dry weights comparably the same with naturally hatched eggs. They found that temperature has varying effects on embryonic developmental stages. This information enabled them to make accurate predictions of hatching of female mud crab eggs (Zeng, 2007, p. 1481-1482). V. Discussions Spawning mud crabs during off season months was made possible through eyestalk ablation and increased water temperature. This is indeed a very important finding as it allowed scientists to provide farmers an improved method in acquiring their preferred harvest of mud crabs. The success of spawning induction is based on the development of gonads during colder seasons and their ability to spawn at higher temperature seasons. Just by elevating the temperature levels, mud crab females already perceive this as a stimulus for them to carry out spawning (Zeng, 2007, p. 1483). Since this industry has promising commercial potentials, it is essential to develop cost efficient methods that would accommodate high yields. In this study, the cost of maintaining numerous berried crabs would be reduced through in vitro incubation of crab eggs. These can basically be placed in either aeration-generated water or in static water. As researchers were able to determine the hatching temperature for mud crabs, farmers are now enabled to determine when the hatching schedule would be. This would allow them to obtain juvenile crabs at any time that they please regardless of the season. The abnormality observed in the cellular division of mud crab embryo in certain temperatures are proposed to be adaptive mechanisms to enable mud crab larvae to have a scheduled hatching during warmer seasons when they can have enough access to food such as plankton (Zeng, 2007, p. 1484). How to cite Mud crab, Essay examples

Islam as Most Feared and Controversial Religion

Table of Contents Introduction Religion Politics Military affairs Territorial expansion of Islam Conclusion Works Cited Introduction No faith in the modern society is as feared and controversial as Islam. It covers the common opinion as an extreme religion that has elements of terrorism, authoritarian leadership, gender imbalance, and civil war.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Islam as Most Feared and Controversial Religion specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, Islamic religion appears to be complex than we assume. This essay explores the role of Islam in society, its political position, military affairs, and territorial expansion with reference to the period of Prophet Muhammad. Religion History puts it that Islamic faith has evolved from the periods of Prophet Muhammad into present times. The word Islam means submission to God’s will. This definition suggests that everything must obey the rules a nd the will of Allah or the law of nature. The faith teaches that God’s power came to humanity through Quran to Muhammad. Subsequently, Muslims believe that God is all-powerful and know-it-all. Besides, God has no social measures, equals, peers, beginning, or end. The Medina Charter declared Muhammad as the solely prophet of God. Islamic religion asserts that the Quran came through a messenger or prophet of God, and Muhammad was the final of such messengers (Goldschmidt 12). The fundamental belief of the Islamic religion as expressed by Muhammad is the judgment day, which no one can flee. Muslims believe that everyone will face judgment before the heavenly throne (Goldschmidt, 34). The religion observes right actions, rules, and laws. There are five vital pillars of Islamic faith guiding believers. The first pillar is witness (Shuhuduh). This rule stresses that there is only one God and Muhammad is God’s messenger. The second pillar is the worship (salat) or ritual pra yer.Advertising Looking for essay on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Fasting (Saturn) is the third pillar of Islam that Muslims observe during the holy month of Ramadan. The fourth pillar talks about giving of tithe (zakat) or alms. The final pillar talks about pilgrimage (Hajj) to Mecca. There are also other duties and prohibitions such as jihad to guide believers. They also fight those who forbid God or his prophets, and others who reject allegiance to the true until they pay tribute to Islam. Jihad has many meanings depending on situations and contexts. It can mean fighting Jews, Christians, or pagans. Some modern Muslims claim that jihad is an act of defending Islam against attack from external aggressors through verbal or military attack. Politics During the development of Islamic religion, the religion experienced divisions among the Shiites, Sufis, and Sunnis. We can attribute these divisions to the fact that religious leaders of the time experienced worldly changes, which consumed them just like politicians. Further, scholars note that this power struggle is an abuse of a sacred ideology since religion is not about supremacy. Studies show that the faith of Islam main duty is to create a just society where all members experience equal treatment and respect. The subsequent history had negative effects on Islamic faith. Muslim religion had its own rituals, philosophy, laws, mysticism, laws, shrine, and sacred writings just like any other religion. Islamic political development has evolved through various phases. First, we have the traditional or republican phase, which mainly occurred during earlier periods of establishing Islamic religion among pagans, traders, and nomads. This was the period of Muhammad (Trifkovic 102).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Islam as Most Feared and Controversial Religion specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The second phase was the liberal phases in which Muslims attempted to incorporate many non-Muslims. The final phase is the repressive phase whereby Muslim rulers established complete autocratic systems. This happened after Islam became hardened religion among the converts and conquered (Karsh 18). Some Islam states also favor secularism. This implies that the state and society have secular belief systems and have separated the public life from Islam. In the Islamic context, secularism ideologies promote secular political and social views and not Islamic principles. Therefore, there is a clear distinction between religious life and affairs of the state. As a result, strong followers of Islam have condemned secularism in states with such political ideologies and social values. They believe that public issues should not come before religion. In fact, they feel that religion should influence every aspect of state and public matters. However, we have to note that religion cannot guide diverse interests of people in a state. Some Islamic states have practiced secularism for many centuries. As a result, such states have low cases of human rights abuse. Some historians have concluded that secularism is the best way to run Muslim states. Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na’im asserts, â€Å"enforcing (Sharia) through coercive power of the state negates its religious nature, because Muslims would be observing the law of the state and not freely performing their religious obligation as Muslims† (An-Na’im 3).Advertising Looking for essay on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In some cases, Muslims governments have retained secular approach to governance. However, Sharia laws guide aspects of citizens’ lives in situations of disputes. At the same time, the roles of Sharia laws in these countries differ. Tolerances of secular political and social ideologies have created tensions in many secular states. Opponents believe that such ideologies promote anti-Islamic beliefs, Western supremacy, and imperialism. Military affairs We can understand military affairs from the teachings of Muhammad and contents of Quran under the pillar of jihad. Muslims believe that jihad is a struggle based on the ways of God. Muhammad first proclaimed jihad among his followers and urged them to fight for God. Based on Jihad, Muslims exert their power over others they consider as inappropriate for their belief system. In this sense, a number of interpretations focus on what jihad is. It can be a devil, an enemy, non-Muslim, or aggressor, both from within or outside the terri tory. These multiple meanings have brought confusions to the appropriate usage of the term jihad with reference to war. Some scholars have claimed that the use of jihad without any supporting term simply translates to warfare or military issues (Brockopp 99). At the same time, jihad also reflects Muslims endeavor to attain highest possible spiritual morality. On this morality question, there are differences between ‘greater jihad’ and ‘lesser jihad’. The first one mainly concentrates on spiritual growth. Conversely, the latter focuses on warfare and radical solutions to issues. Muslims states consider jihad as the use of military force to acquire new territories or protect the existing ones against enemies. In this sense, jihad becomes the guiding principle of military affairs. Currently, the exact aim of jihad remains unclear. For instance, some believers consider jihad as a holy war for protecting their faith and territories without any offensive aims. On the other hand, others argue that jihad is an attempt by Muslims to conquer the world, just as Muhammad used it to extend Islamic territories. The Islamic law allows jihad under certain conditions. For instance, Muslims can declare jihad against their enemies, terrorists, non-Muslims, pagans, and rulers who attempt to stop proselytizing aims of Islam or suppress Muslims. However, many Muslims believe that jihad is only for defensive purposes. Different Islamic states (states that use Islamic laws) have various definitions of what conforms to Islamic justice system. This suggests that the use jihad is not uniform among different states of Muslims, which use jihad. In most cases, we have noticed that Muslims engage in jihad as groups. This implies that jihad is a collective responsibility of Muslims and their leaders. In fact, Muslims who have power over society must make jihad a personal responsibility, and they must mobilize their followers to support the course. Based on the curre nt acts of Muslims, we cannot draw a conclusion on what jihad supports or limits of jihad. This is because Muslim fundamentalists have used jihad to terrorize and punish offenders under what the international community refers to as abuse of human rights or criminal activities. In some cases, world leaders and some Islamic states have condemned such acts. Western media have constantly depicted the brutal and radical form of Islam (fundamentalism) as entirely as a creation Islamic religion. Nevertheless, fundamentalism is a world affair, which all leading religions have experienced in reaction to issues of modernity. Therefore, fundamentalism does not take place accidentally and only takes its root when elements of modernity have advanced in stage. Afterwards, religious leaders attempt to combine the two, but if they fail, some believers turn to radical actions, which result into fundamentalism movement. Fundamentalism ideologies highlight some of the botched promises of modernity and fear among opponents. As a result, the movement sees secular ways as threats to religion and state. Such believers fight to restore the conventional and established ways. Muslim radicals differ with other Muslims who positively embrace modernity or Western political ideologies. Besides, Muslim radicals maintain that they fight to survive and protect their religion. Under the guidance of such mindsets, some Muslims opt for terrorism while others try to reinstate their religion by legitimate ways. Islam has provisions for military officials. For instance, Umar did not want his soldiers to get into contact with cities because of potential harmful influences like wealth and luxuries. As a result, soldiers stayed in isolated encampments. This also prevented them for participating in power struggle with locals. Territorial expansion of Islam Scholars who have studied territorial expansion of Islam noted that it originated from actions of Muhammad. Muhammad used different methods, such as force, persuasion, and diplomacy in order to expand Islam. Soon after the death of Muhammad, Caliphs took control of Islam and continued with aggressive tendencies of Muhammad in order to get new converts (Hitti and Khalidi 195). In North Africa, Muslim conquerors met resistance from the Byzantines who ruled the region. This slowed down the pace of territorial expansion. Berber of Northwest Africa exerted much resistance and several fights against Muslims. However, Muslims defeated Berber in the subsequent fights and took control of the city. They also destroyed Carthage to punish Byzantine Emperor for resistance. After conquering North Africa, Muslims turned their attention to Europe in which they easily captured Spain. However, in 733 AD, Franks stopped Muslims at the Battle of Tours. This marked the end of territorial acquisition in Europe. As a result, the region remained under Christianity up-to-date. Territorial expansion of Islam remained a significant achievement for Muslim in during the expansion period. The religion used force to put all Arab nations under Islamic laws. It then proceeded to claim Spain and some parts of Afghanistan. This made some of the Caliphs the most powerful in the world. Under such a rapid expansion into Christian territories, Muslims and Christians had to struggle for control of some areas like the Mediterranean region. Scholars have analyzed conditions, which led to struggle and expansion of Islam. Such territorial acquisitions led to the establishment of Muslim rules around the world. Muslims led several incursions in most areas of the world. This suggests that the current territories remained the permanent ones after settlements. At the same time, there were places where Muslims faced continued resistance. In some parts of the world like the Indian Ocean region, Islam used trade to acquire new converts. From history, we have to dispel any idea that Muhammad, subsequent Caliphs, and their followers used any peaceful means f or territorial expansion. At the same time, we have to acknowledge that jihad was not defensive in any way. Therefore, all territorial acquisitions of Islam took place by forceful means. Islamic conquerors assumed that all conquered territories were exclusively Arab states and established Islamic laws in such areas. Based on the teachings of Muhammad, conquerors forced the captured people to convert to Islam. This was the focus of the Arab rulers because they wanted to convert many territories to Islam. It also of interest to note that Islam spread to other areas through trade, migration of Muslims, and wishes of urban dwellers to convert. However, this did not stop some rulers from using Islamic principle of jihad to capture new territories. Generally, Islamic religion attracted many nomads and other primitive populations. However, the conquered majorities did not fully embrace the religion. We know that it takes time for people to embrace new ideologies fully. This was the case of Christianity in the past. However, this was not the case of Islam. Captured people were aware of the consequences of not complying with the demands of rulers based on the violence nature of territorial expansions. This coercion provided the needed advantage to convert many people to Islam. Therefore, Islamic religion lacked the peaceful means that Christianity used to be a dominant religion in the world today. Besides, such violence nature of the religion did not appeal to educated and civilized groups. Conclusion Islam has existed in criticism since its inception. Some of the earliest critics consisted of Christians who considered Islam as heresy. Later, some criticism emerged from other Muslims and Jewish scholars. Critics considered both the public and private life of Prophet Muhammad in their criticisms. These are mainly morality issues. Some critics also focus on some teachings of Quran in order to debate controversial moral aspects of the religion. Still, other scholars have also turned to issues of human rights in the modern society. At the same time, they also explore positions of women in Islamic nations. Studies show that Islam has been a binding religion among faithful. However, some elements of fundamentalism and treatments of non-Muslims or offenders have brought concerns to different groups. As such, Islam continues to draw criticism from its roles and influences on military affairs, politics, and religious practices. Works Cited An-Na’im, Abdullahi Ahmed. The Future of Sharia: Secularism from an Islamic Perspective. Atlanta, GA: Emory School of Law, 2007. Print. Brockopp, Jonathan. Islamic Ethics of Life: abortion, war and euthanasia. South Carolina: University of South Carolina press, 2003. Print. Goldschmidt, Arthur. A Concise History of the Middle East 7th ed. Colorado: Westview Press, 2002. Print. Hitti, Philip and Walid Khalidi. History of the Arabs 10th ed. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002. Print. Karsh, Efraim. Islamic Imperiali sm: A History. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2007. Print. Trifkovic, Serge. The Sword of the Prophet. Salisbury, MA: Regina Orthodox Press, 2007. Print. This essay on Islam as Most Feared and Controversial Religion was written and submitted by user Mauricio U. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.